Multiple technologies combined for carbon-free future

The total cost of ownership of battery electric vehicles (BEV) will be the same as for all types of heavy combustion engine diesel vehicles already by 2031. Distribution trucks have already reached cost-parity in Sweden and BEV buses in Germany.

Because fuel cell vehicles will be more expensive, substantial growth is expected to be later than for battery electric vehicles. By 2050, they could constitute 60 percent of the total heavy vehicle fleet with the remainder battery electric vehicles.

Biofuels used in internal combustion engines are the best near-term choice to begin reducing CO2 emissions. However, in the long run battery electric vehicles will constitute the majority. Based on maximum possible use of globally available biofuel supply, biofuels-based combustion engines can power one-fifth of vehicles in 2050.